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In 1940 his machines were breaking the Enigma-enciphered messages of Nazi Germany's air force. Taken on by British Intelligence in 1938, as a shy young Cambridge don, he combined brilliant logic with a flair for engineering. "Mathematical reasoning may be regarded rather schematically as the exercise of a combination of two facilities, which we may call intuition and ingenuity.The official book behind the Academy Award-winning film The Imitation Game, starring Benedict Cumberbatch and Keira KnightleyĪlan Turing was the mathematician whose cipher-cracking transformed the Second World War. "I believe that at the end of the century the use of words and general educated opinion will have altered so much that one will be able to speak of machines thinking without expecting to be contradicted." "We can only see a short distance ahead, but we can see plenty there that needs to be done." A British government statement said, "Turing was an exceptional man with a brilliant mind" who "deserves to be remembered and recognized for his fantastic contribution to the war effort and his legacy to science." Alan Turing quotes And in December 2013, Queen Elizabeth II formally pardoned Turing. In 2009, Prime Minister Gordon Brown publicly apologized for how the scientist was treated. Bitter over being turned away from the field he had revolutionized, Turing committed suicide in 1954 by ingesting cyanide. He continued his work in quantum physics and in cryptanalytics, but known homosexuals were ineligible for security clearance.
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In order to avoid prison, Turing had to agree to undergo a series of estrogen injections. The courts disagreed, and Turing was convicted of gross indecency. Turing never denied or defended his actions, instead asserting that there was nothing wrong with what he did.
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When police discovered his sexual relationship with a young man, he was arrested and came to trial in 1952. He was outspoken and exuberant about his lifestyle, openly taking male lovers.
Turing had never been secretive about his homosexuality. Today, the Turing Test is at the heart of discussions about artificial intelligence. If the computer can "fool" the interrogator, it is intelligent. The questioner then must distinguish between the human and the computer based on their replies to his questions. In this simple test, an interrogator in isolation asks questions of another person and a computer. He reasoned that if a computer acted, reacted and interacted like a sentient being, then it was sentient. He devised a test to answer the question. Turing was also involved in philosophical debates over whether machines could think like a human brain. Turing became well-regarded by the scientific community, as the director of the computing laboratory at Manchester University and an elected fellow of the Royal Society. This led to the development of early hardware and the implementation of arithmetical functions by programming, and thus, computer science was born. (Image credit: BMCL (opens in new tab) Shutterstock (opens in new tab))īy the end of the war, Turing was the only scientist working on the idea of a universal machine that could plug into the potential speed and reliability of electronic technology. Turing became an invaluable asset to the Allies, successfully decoding many German messages. To maintain progress on code-breaking, Turing introduced the use of electronic technology to gain higher speeds of mechanical working.
ALAN TURING ENIGMA CRACKED
Turing cracked the system and regular decryption of German messages began in mid-1941.
ALAN TURING ENIGMA CODE
Turing made it his goal to crack the complex Enigma code used in German naval communications, which were generally regarded as unbreakable. After the British declared war in 1939, Turing took up full-time cryptanalytic work at Bletchley Park.
He took this research back to England with him, where he secretly worked part time for the British cryptanalytic department.
He worked on algebra and number theory, as well as a cipher machine based on electromagnetic relays to multiply binary numbers. Turing moved to the United States to continue his graduate studies at Princeton. Essentially, through this theorizing, Turing created the computer: a single machine that can be turned to any well-defined task by being supplied with an algorithm, or a program. Thus, each particular Turing machine embodied the algorithm, and a universal Turing machine could do all possible tasks. Each algorithm would be written out as a set of instructions in a standard form, and the actual interpretation work would be considered a mechanical process.
Turing took this idea and imagined the possibility of multiple Turing machines, each corresponding to a different method or algorithm. (Image credit: Terence Mendoza (opens in new tab) Shutterstock (opens in new tab)) The Bletchley Park clock tower, British code-breaking headquarters during World War II, where Alan Turing broke the Enigma code.
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